Bacaan Bahasa Inggris (Bag.1)
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Kosakata :
Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia that consists of more than 13,000 islands. The islands lie along the equator and extend more than 5,000 kilometers. Many of the islands cover only a few square kilometers. But about a half of New Guinea and three quarters of Borneo also belong to Indonesia. Both islands are the second-and-third largest islands in the world, after Greenland.
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Sura and Baya
A long time ago, there were two animals, Sura
and Baya. Sura was the name of a shark and Baya was a crocodile. They lived in
a sea.
Once Sura and Baya were looking for some food.
Suddenly, Baya saw a goat.
"Yummy, this is my lunch," said Baya.
"No way! This is my lunch. You are
greedy" said Sura. Then they fought for the goat. After several hours,
they were very tired.
Feeling tired of fighting, they lived in the
different places. Sura lived in the water and Baya lived in the land. The border
was the beach, so they would never fight again.
One day, Sura went to the land and looked for
some food in the river. He was very hungry and there was not much food in the
sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke the promise.
They fought again. They both hit each other.
Sura bite Baya’s tail. Baya did the same thing to Sura. He bite very hard until
Sura finally gave up and went back to the sea. Baya was happy.
Kosakata :
suddenly
= tiba-tiba = unexpectedly = immediately= instantaneously,
greedy = serakah = ravenous = acquisitive
fought
= berjuang = struggle
= battle = fight = a
violent confrontation or struggle.
tired = lelah = exhausted = worn out = weary =fatigued = in need of
sleep or rest
hungry
= lapar = ravenous
=empty =in need of food
= hollow = feeling or displaying the need for food
promise
=janji = appointment
=pledge= commitment = a declaration or assurance that one will
do a particular thing
hit
= memukul = beat
= buffet = flail
= knock = bring one's hand or a tool or weapon
into contact with (someone or something) quickly and forcefully.
bite
= menggigit = nibble
=nip= snap = sink
one's teeth into
gave
up = menyerah = surrender
= give in = capitulate =cave in
Juhha’s Wonders
Once upon
a time, there was a small village in Baghdad. Its population was very small. In
this village everybody knew each other and knew every little or big problems
that went on in the village. In this small village there was a bakery that was
popular for its delicious bread.
One day a
poor old man was walking in the street passing the bakery and he stopped to
smell the scent of the bread which was spreading out of the bakery.
Suddenly,
the baker caught the old man and shouted at him demanding the price of bread's
scent. He almost drag him to the police.
A very
famous wise man named Juhha heard the baker shouting. So he went to him and
asked about the problem. Juhha stood calmly listening to the baker and he
thought for a solution.
After a
few minutes Juhha’s eyes glistened and an amused smile was on his face. He
asked the baker “How much money do you want?”. The baker and poor man were
astonished, but the baker answered “3 dinars”. Juhha took the money out of his
wallet and put it in his pocket and shook the money. “Did you hear the sound of
the money?” Juhha asked. “Yes, I did”, the baker replied, and with big smile
Juhha said “Well then, this is the price of your bread’s scent!”
Kosakata :
bakery = toko roti = a place where bread and cakes are
made or sold
popular = terkenal = prevalent = favourite = liked, admired, or enjoyed by many people
or by a particular person or group.
delicious = lezat = tasty = yummy = delectable = highly
pleasant to the taste
bread = roti = food made of flour, water, and yeast or another leavening
agent, mixed together and baked.
the scent = aroma
demanding = menuntut
thought = berpikir
glistened = berkilau
amused = geli = tickled
astonished = heran = greatly surprised or impressed =
amazed
wallet = dompet
pocket = saku
shook = mengguncang
Live in a city
Many people like to live in a city
although it is often very crowded. There are many jobs available. Therefore, it
is easier to plan for living. There are also more opportunities for education
and recreation. If people are sick, there is always a hospital or a clinic
nearby.
There are markets, supermarkets or
department stores that people can choose to go shopping. In addition, all means
of transportation are available. People can go by bus, taxi, train, or plain.
For these reasons people prefer
living in a village to a city. A village is not very crowded and noisy. People
do not have to go to school for a long period of time. They go to Elementary
School just to be able to read and write. This is enough for them to survive.
They do not care much about time. Today and tomorrow are just the same for
them. Living naturally like this is enjoyable for them.
However, they want to improve
their lives. They move to big cities to start a new life. Of course, some of
them are successful, but many of them are not. For those who are not successful
living in a big city like Jakarta is really terrible. They are jobless and
homeless because they do not have skills needed in urban areas. They live in
the slums of the city.
Kosakata :
crowded =
ramai = flush = tight =packed= full of people, leaving little or no room for
movement
available = tersedia = ready = willing = prepared = at hand,
in addition = sebagai tambahan = moreover
reason = alasan = excuse = cause = rationale
survive = bertahan hidup = remain alive = live = sustain oneself
= pull through = get through =
continue to live or exist
care = peduli = pay attention
improve = memperbaiki = fix = repair = correct = rectify = make
or become better
terrible = mengerikan = horrible = awful = dreadful
Malin
Kundang
Once there lived a widow and her
son on the west coast of Minangkabau. She was very poor. They got their food by
selling branches of wood gathered by her son, Malin Kundang, from the forest. Everyday when his
mother went to the market, he went to coast because he wanted to become a
captain of a big ship.
One day, when he was a young man,
a ship came into the coast, he ran the ship. When the captain saw Malin, he
called him. ”Come here, boy”.” Do you like to work in my ship?” Of course, he
liked it very much. His mother was very sad because her only son didn’t go
home.
Time passed by, a big ship came
into the coast. How surprised the widow was when she knew that the captain of
the ship was her son.
She rushed to the harbor, crying, ”Malin,
Malin Kundang, my son”. When she came near Malin, he ordered his men to stop
her. Malin was very ashamed because of his mother wore bad clothes. He
pretended not to recognize his mother.
The ship left the harbor. Her
mother was very angry with her son. “God will punish you, Malin, the sea will
swallow you”. Then a great storm came and Malin sank down with her ship.
Kosakata :
widow = janda = divorcee = a woman who has lost her husband by death and
has not remarried
coast = pantai = the part of the land near the sea = coast = shore
rushed = bergegas = husty
harbor = pelabuhan = port = anchorage = a
place on the coast where vessels may find shelter
ordered = memerintahkan = command = instruct =enjoin
ashamed = malu = embarrassed = shy = timid
pretended = pura – pura = make as if
swallow = menelan= ingest = engulf
storm = badai = hurricane = a violent disturbance of the atmosphere
with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.
sank down = tenggelam ke bawah
Young Stars
The
finalists of "Akademi Fantasi Indosiar 1" (AFI) are wonderful young
people. Mawar who was born on 26
February 1985 is a cute girl. She has straight, short hair. Her bright skin,
chubby cheeks, and lovely smile make her look very marvellous. She is not very
tall. However, her weight which is 40 kgs matches her body well and makes her
look cute.
Unlike
Mawar, Ve looks tall. She is 1.69 meters tall. She looks quite slim. She weighs
45 kgs. Compared to Mawar, Ve looks darker. The 22 years-old girl has black,
straight hair.
Another
finalist is Ismail who is better known as Smile. The young man who was born on
16 September 1983 looks much bigger and taller than his two female fiends. He
is tall and muscular. His complexion is fair and his hair is short and
straight.
Kosakata
:
straight
= lurus = moving uniformly in one direction only
skin
= kulit = leather =bark = shell = the thin layer of tissue (jaringan) forming
the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal.
chubby
cheeks = pipi tembam
matches
= cocok = suitable = fit = appropriate = compatible = convenient
cute
= manis = lovable
= sweet = lovely,
slim
= ramping = slender,
muscular
= berotot = brawny
complexion
= corak = feature = color
The Indonesian Archipelago
Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia that consists of more than 13,000 islands. The islands lie along the equator and extend more than 5,000 kilometers. Many of the islands cover only a few square kilometers. But about a half of New Guinea and three quarters of Borneo also belong to Indonesia. Both islands are the second-and-third largest islands in the world, after Greenland.
Many geographers
divide the more than 13,600 islands of Indonesia into three groups: (1) the
Greater Sunda Islands, (2) the lesser Sunda Islands, and (3) the Mollucas.
Indonesia also includes Irian Jaya, which is part of New Guinea.
The Greater Sunda
includes Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Sumatera. The Lesser Sunda Islands extend
from Bali eastward to the Timor. The Mollucas lie between Sulawesi and New Guinea.
The western part of New Guinea is called Irian Jaya, an Indonesian territory.
Compared to the other regions, Irian Jaya is the most thinly populated.
Kosakata :
Archipelago = kepulauan
islands = pulau2 = a piece of land
surrounded by water
lie = terbentang = spread = range,
extend = memanjang
divide = membagi = split =
share = distribute
greater = lebih besar
mollucas = Maluku
territory = wilayah = region = district
thinly = ramping
FRANCE
France is the second largest country in Europe. It has a population of
58 million. Paris, the capital city of France is an international capital for
art, fashion and style. It has been known as one of the world’s most beautiful
cities and a popular tourist destination.
The most famous place in France is the Eiffel
Tower. Its height is about 1.063 feet. The tower has become an icon for both
France and Paris.
Another famous place in France is the Louvre
Museum. It is the world’s most visited art museum, a historic monument and a
national museum in France. One of the museum collections is the famous Monalisa
Painting.
Most of the people in France like sports. Some of
their favorite sports are rugby, football and basketball. Every year, France
also holds a bicycle race called Tour de France. It usually lasts for 23 days. Cyclists
from all over the world take part. There are similar races in Italy and Spain
but the Tour de France is the oldest, the most prestigious and the best
known.
Kosakata :
art = seni
destination = tujuan = purpose = goal =objective = aim
historic = bersejarah = significant = notable= important= momentous =famous or important in history
rugby = bola tangan
Cyclists = pesepeda = a
person who rides a bicycle
Prestigious = bergengsi = reputable = distinguished = respected
Spending Time
My family likes
spending time by the sea very much. When we had a holiday last year, we went to
a place at the seaside and borrowed a boat from one of our friends. Then we
sailed and fished in the sea all day. We also had races against other boats.
When the sea was
rough, we sailed on a small lake near the sea instead. There were a lot of
sharp rocks, and the water was shallow, so we must be careful because we did
not want to damage our friend’s boat.
There were not
many fish in the lake, but we caught a lot when we sailed to the sea. The fish
were not very big, but they tasted very good. We sailed to the land at lunch
time, collected pieces of dry wood and fried or grilled our fish at the beach.
All of us enjoyed our meals. It was the most wonderful day for my family.
Kosakata :
spending time = menghabiskan waktu
seaside = tepi laut = coast =shore = seashore = oceanside = waterside = beach
sailed = berlayar = voyage
races = balapan
rough = ganas
shallow = dangkal = of
little depth
damage = kerusakan
fried or grilled = goring atau panggang
meals = makanan
HERMIT
Many
years ago, there lived a hermit in a forest in Sumatra. He did not grow food
but depended on the jungle fruit to survive. Soon, there was a drought, and all
the plants and fruit trees in the jungle died.
The old
man had nothing to eat now, so he turned to become a beggar. He went to a
nearby village trying to get food. At first, the villagers were happy to help
him. However, when he came regularly, they refused to give him any more food.
They told him to grow his own food.
One day,
while the hermit was sitting in his hut, sad and hungry, he began to think
about growing his own food. Just then, a boatman stopped by and took a pity on
the hermit. Then he gave him some “paddy” seeds.
Before
the boatman went away, he said, “These seeds will grow and give you everlasting
harvest if you work very hard. If you are tired of the work, the “paddy” plants
will turn into weeds.”
The old
hermit worked hard to clear the land and sowed the seeds before the rain came.
Strangely, after a short period of time, the “paddy” was ready for harvesting.
The old man got a lot of rice from the harvest. After each harvest, the plants
grew again right away.
When the
villagers heard about the hermit and his wonderful “paddy”, they flocked to his
“paddy” field and took home as much “paddy” as they could.
One day,
being very tired of harvesting the paddy,
he shouted, “Oh stop growing, you wretched thing!” As soon as he had
said this, the “paddy” plants turned into weeds.
Kosakata :
hermit = pertapa = ascetic
soon = segera
drought = kemarau = dryness
beggar = pengemis = a person, typically a
homeless one, who lives by asking for money or food.
regularly = secara teratur = usually
=normally =generally
=ordinarily = mostly
refused = menolak = reject
= resist
=deny = decline = turn down
hut = gubug = cottage
just then = saat itu
a boatman = tukang perahu
stopped by = mampir
pity = kasihan
paddy = padi
everlasting = abadi = lasting forever or for
a very long time
weeds = gulma
tired = lelah = exhausted
sowed = menebar
strangely = anehnya = queerly
=funnily = oddly
right away = soon
= immediately
= quickly
= shortly
flocked = berbondong-bondong = gather
= assemble = get
together = come together
wretched = malang
Gold
Gold is a precious metal. Gold is used as ornaments
or as money. Gold is found anywhere, but in small supplies. It is often found
on the surface of the earth. Since gold is a heavy substance, it is sometimes
found at the bottom of the rivers. The gold is found together with sand and
rock and must be separated from them.
It is usually necessary to drill for gold but when
a layer of gold is located deep below the surface of the earth, it is possible
to drill a hole into a ground. Engineers have developed modern processes for
removing gold from rocks.
Since gold is not very hard, it is sometimes melted
and added to other substances for making rings, coins, and art objects. It will
be priced forever because it is beautiful, rare and useful.
Kosakata
gold = emas
precious =
mulia = noble = glorious =lofty =honorable
ornament = perhiasan = jewelry
heavy =
berat = weighty = hefty
sand = pasir
= grit = jackstone
necessary
=penting = important = significant = key = notable = prominent
drill =
mengebor = auger = borer
below = di
bawah
melted =
dicairkan = liquid
priced =
harga = cost =value = rate = worth
rare =
jarang = infrequent =scarce = sparse
The
American Education System
Generally, school districts are divided into
elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools. Elementary schools are
composed of students in kindergarten and grades 1-5. Most children attend
kindergarten when they are five-years-old. Children begin 1st grade at age six.
Middle school is composed of students in grades 6-8 and high school contains
grades 9-12.
High school students are required to take a wide
variety of courses in English, mathematics, science, and social science. They
may also be required to take foreign language or physical education, and they
may elect to take music, art, or theatre courses. Many high schools also offer
vocational training courses. A course can be one semester or two semesters in
length. The academic year generally begins in mid August and ends in early
June.
In the United States, education is compulsory for
all students until ages sixteen to eighteen depending on the individual state.
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, 87.1% of people over the age of 25 were high
school graduates. Most high school students graduate at the age of seventeen or
eighteen-years-old. A student graduates after he or she has successfully passed
all of the required courses. Grades are given to students for each course at
the end of each semester. The grading scale is A (excellent), B (above
average), C (average), D (below average), and F (failing). A student who fails
a required course must repeat the course.
Kosakata :
districts = rayon
composed = tersusun = arranged = structured
=regular
kindergarten = TK
grades = kelas
attend = mengikuti = follow = take = keep up
= adhere
required = disyaratkan = compulsory = obligatory
wide = luas =
comprehensive = spacious = extensive
physical education = pendidikan jasmani
theatre courses = kursus drama
offer = menawarkan = propose = bid
vocational training = pelatihan
kejuruan
depending on = bergantung pada
the individual state = keadaan individu
average = rata-rata
failing = gagal
Homework Policy
Homework is a set of tasks
assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the class. Common homework assignments may
include a quantity or period of reading to be performed, writing or typing to be completed, problems to be solved, or a school
project to be built.
Students
should not spend more than 90 minutes per night on homework. The time should be
budgeted in the following manner:
- 15
minutes looking for assignment
- 11
minutes texting friends for the assignment
- 23
minutes explaining to parents why the teacher is mean and just does not
like children
- 8
minutes in the bathroom
- 10
minutes getting a snack
- 7
minutes on Facebook
- 6
minutes telling parents that the teacher never explained the assignment
- 10
minutes sitting at the kitchen table waiting for Mom or Dad to do the
assignment
Kosakata :
homework = pekerjaan rumah
tasks = tugas – tugas = assignment
mean = merendahkan
assigned = ditugaskan
performed = ditunjukkan
built = dibangun
budget= atur = set = arrange = organize
= manage = regulate
manner = sikap = attitude = gesture,
Late to our final exam
It
was the final examination for an introductory English course at the local
university. The examination was two hours long, and exam booklets were
provided. The professor was very strict and told the class that any exam that
was not on his desk in exactly two hours would not be accepted and the student
would fail. A half hour into the exam, a student came rushing in and asked the
professor for an exam booklet.
"You're
not going to have time to finish this," the professor stated sarcastically
as he handed the student a booklet.
"Yes
I will," replied the student. He then took a seat and began writing. After
two hours, the professor called for the exams, and the students filed up and
handed them in. All except the late student, who continued writing. A half hour
later, the last student came up to the professor who was sitting at his desk
preparing for his next class. He attempted to put his exam on the stack of exam
booklets already there.
"No
you don't, I'm not going to accept that. It's late." The student looked
incredulous and angry.
"Do
you know WHO I am?"
"No,
as a matter of fact I don't," replied the professor.
"DO
YOU KNOW WHO I AM?" The student asked again.
"No,
and I don't care." Replied the professor with an air of superiority.
"Good,"
replied the student, who quickly lifted the stack of completed exams, stuffed
his in the middle, and walked out of the room.
Kosakata :
examination =
ujian
booklet = buku
soal untuk ujian
strict=ketat = tight = stringent
sarcastically =
dengan sinis
handed =
menyerahkan dengan tangan
filed up =
berbaris
on the stack of
exam = tumpukan ujian
incredulous =
tidak percaya
as a matter of
fact = faktanya
superiority =
unggul
stuffed =
memasukkannya
Homework
There are many homework-related resources available
on the World Wide Web. There are web-sites dedicated to communicating about
homework, for teachers to post assignments on-line for students, and to keep
parents informed. Many schools host their own homework posting services on
their websites. There are non-profit organizations on-line that help students
with their homework for free. There are also tutorials on most school subjects,
especially math, which students can use if they don't understand their homework
assignments.
Many libraries provide on-line resources which
present subjects specifically for students who are looking for something to
write about. And there are archives of ready-made homework assignments,
including handouts, which teachers can use to provide homework to their
students. Many other websites are used for research, especially search engines,
such as Google, and encyclopedias.
Apart from above given resources there are hundreds
of websites who are providing homework help at nominal rates. Such websites
claim to help students understand concepts.
Some parents choose to monitor their students'
usage of the internet, as some of the sites may be found deceptive or
inappropriate by academic institutions.
Kosakata
:
Resources = sumber
Dedicated = dipersembahkan = perform = shew
Host = pengurus
Posting = posting
Tutorials = pengajaran tambahan
on most school subjects = pada kebanyakan mata
pelajaran sekolah
archives = arsip = files, records
provide = menyediakan = supply = prepare = serve =set = furnish
specifically = secara khusus = in particular
Apart from above = terpisah dari atas
Claim = klaim
Deceptive = menipu = fraudulent
= catchy = snide
inappropriate = tidak pantas
= undue = indecorous
= undignified
institutions = lembaga
Motorcycle
A
motorcycle (also called a motorbike, bike, moto or cycle) is a two or three
wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design
varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes: long distance travel,
commuting, cruising, sport including racing, and off-road riding. Motorcycling
is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle
club and attending motorcycle rallies.
In
1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production
motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2012, the three top
motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda (from Japan), Bajaj Auto,
and Hero MotoCorp (both from India).
Motorcycles
are mainly a luxury good in the developed world, where they are used mostly for
recreation, as a lifestyle accessory or a symbol of personal identity. In
developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower
prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are
in the Asia Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, excluding
car-centric Japan.
Kosakata :
Wheeled = beroda
Vehicle =
kendaraan = a thing used for transporting people
or goods, especially on land, such as a car, truck, or cart
to suit a range =
untuk memenuhi berbagai
commuting =
komuter
cruising = jelajah
off-road riding = kendara
bukan pada jalan beraspal
attending =
mengikuti = follow
mainly = sebagian
besar
developing = berkembang
= blooming = expanding = thriving
overwhelmingly = sangat
= highly = extremely = really = greatly
due to = disebabkan
oleh = in consequence of
utilitarian =
berguna = useful = beneficial = worthwhile
= helpful = wholesome
excluding = tidak
termasuk = not taking someone or something into
account = apart from = except.
Human Diet
Humans are omnivorous,
capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material. Varying with
available food sources in regions of habitation, and also varying with cultural
and religious norms, human groups have adopted a range of diets, from purely vegetarian to
primarily carnivorous. In
some cases, dietary restrictions in humans can lead to deficiency diseases; however, stable human groups have adapted to many dietary patterns
through both genetic specialization and cultural conventions to use
nutritionally balanced food sources. The human diet is prominently reflected in
human culture, and has led to the development of food science.
Until the development of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, Homo sapiens employed a hunter-gatherer method as
their sole means of food collection. This involved combining stationary food
sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms, insect larvae and
aquatic mollusks) with wild game,
which must be hunted and killed in order to be consumed. It has been proposed
that humans have used fire to prepare and cook food since the time of Homo erectus. Around
ten thousand years ago, humans developed
agriculture, which substantially altered their diet.
This change in diet may also have altered human biology; with the spread
of dairy farming providing
a new and rich source of food, leading to the evolution of the ability to
digest lactose in
some adults. Agriculture led to increased populations, the development of
cities, and because of increased population density, the wider spread of infectious diseases. The types of food consumed, and the way in which they are prepared,
have varied widely by time, location, and culture.
Kosakata :
human diet = makanan manusia = meal = feed = feeding = nourishment
restrictions = pembatasan = limitation = boundary = border = framework = demarcation
deficiency = kekurangan = lack = shortage = drawback =shortfall = shortcoming
prominently = dengan jelas = palpably = clearly = obviously
= decidedly = explicitly
reflected = tercermin = painted
led = menyebabkan = cause = induce = render = bring about
approximately = kira – kira = thereabout = used to show that something is almost,
but not completely, accurate or exact; roughly.
sole = satu – satunya = one and only
mushrooms = jamur = fungus, mildew, mold
infectious diseases = penyakit menular
Infant
An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to
speak" or "speechless") is the very young offspring of a human or
other animal. When applied to humans, the term is usually considered synonymous with baby, but the latter is commonly applied to the young of
any animal. When a human child learns to walk, the term toddler may
be used instead.
The term infant is typically applied to young children
between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions may vary
between birth and 1 year of age, or even between birth and 2 years of age. A newborn is an infant
who is only hours, days, or up to a few weeks old.
In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an
infant in the first 28 days after birth; the term applies to premature infants,
postmature infants, and full term infants.
Before birth, the term fetus is
used. In the UK, infant is a term that can be applied to school children aged between four and seven.
As a legal terminology, "infancy" continues from birth until age 18.
An infant is usually called a baby in simple English, as many people use
the term 'baby' instead
of infant.
Kosakata
:
Infant
= bayi = baby = newborn = young child = little one = papoose = neonate = tiny =babe
Speechless = tidak bisa bicara = lost for words = at a loss (for words) =dumbstruck
offspring = keturunan
= descent = descendant = ancestry =
heredity
the latter = yang terakhir
term = istilah = a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
Desk
The word
"desk" comes from the Modern Latin word desca “table to write on”, from the mid 14th
century.
A desk or bureau is
a piece of furniture used in a school, office, home or the like for academic,
professional or domestic activities such as reading, writing, or using
equipment such as a computer. Desks often have one or more drawers,
compartments, or pigeonholes to store items such as office supplies and papers.
Desks are usually made of wood or metal, although materials such as tempered
glass are sometimes seen.
Some desks have the
form of a table, although usually only one side of a desk is suitable to sit at
(there are some exceptions, such as a partners desk), unlike most usual tables.
Some desks do not have the form of a table, for instance, an armoire desk is a
desk built within a large wardrobe-like cabinet, and a portable desk is light
enough to be placed on a person's lap. Since many people lean on a desk while
using it, a desk must be sturdy. In most cases, people sit at a desk, either on
a separate chair or a built-in chair (e.g., in some school desks). Some users
stand at their desks using higher standing desks.
Kosa
kata
drawers = laci
compartments = ruang terpisah = space = chamber
=hall = ward
pigeonholes = lubang
merpati
tempered glass =
kaca yang keras
armoire desk = meja
lemari
wardrobe = lemari pakaian = clothes closet = clothes press
person's lap =
pangkuan seseorang
lean = bersandar = rest = base = recline
sturdy
= kuat = strong = firm =solid = staunch = steady
Liberty in The United States of America
The United States of America was one of the first nations to
be founded on principles of freedom and equality, with no king and no
hereditary nobility. According to the 1776 United States Declaration of
Independence, all men have a natural right to "life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness". But this declaration of liberty was troubled from
the outset by the presence of slavery. Slave owners argued that their liberty
was paramount, since it involved property, their slaves, and that the slaves
themselves had no rights that any White man was obliged to recognize. The
Supreme Court, in the Dred Scott decision, upheld this principle. It was not
until 1866, following the Civil War, that the US constitution was amended to
extend these rights to persons of color, and not until 1920 that these rights
were extended to women.
By the later half of the 20th century, liberty was expanded
further to prohibit government interference with personal choices. In the
United States Supreme Court decision Griswold v. Connecticut, Justice William
O. Douglas argued that liberties relating to personal relationships, such as
marriage, have a unique primacy of place in the hierarchy of freedoms.
In modern America, various competing ideologies have
divergent views about how best to promote liberty. Liberals in the original
sense of the word see equality as a necessary component of freedom.
Progressives stress freedom from business monopoly as essential. Libertarians
disagree, and see economic freedom as best.
Kosa kata
hereditary nobility =
keturunan bangsawan
pursuit = mengejar = chase = pursuance = search
slavery = perbudakan = bondage = enslavement = servitude = serfdom
obliged = memaksa = forced = constrained
= necessary
=bound
upheld = menegakkan = establish = maintain = erect = hold up
prohibit = melarang = ban = forbid = disallow = bar = clamp down
primacy = keunggulan = excellence = superiority = primacy
= supremacy
= predominance = eminence
Logic
Logic from the Ancient Greek, logike originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to
mean thought or reason) is generally held to
consist of the systematic study of the form of arguments. A
valid argument is one where there is a specific relation of logical support
between the assumptions of the argument and its conclusion. (In ordinary
discourse, the conclusion of such an argument may be signified by words like
'therefore', 'hence', 'ergo' and so on.)
There is no universal agreement as to the exact scope and subject matter
of logic (see 'Rival conceptions of logic', below), but it has traditionally
included the classification of arguments, the systematic exposition of the
'logical form' common to all valid arguments, the study of inference,
including fallacies, and
the study of semantics,
including paradoxes.
Historically, logic has been studied in philosophy (since
ancient times) and mathematics (since
the mid-1800s), and recently logic has been studied in computer science, linguistics, psychology, and
other fields.
A formal system is an organization of terms used for the analysis of
deduction. It consists of an alphabet, a language over the alphabet to
construct sentences, and a rule for deriving sentences. Among the important
properties that logical systems can
have are:
·
Validity, which means that the system's rules of proof
never allow a false inference from true premises.
·
Completeness, which means that if a formula is true, it can be proven, i.e. is a theorem of the system.
Kosakata :
conclusion = kesimpulan = inference = finding = illation = consequence
conclusion = kesimpulan = inference = finding = illation = consequence
ergo = jadi
= so = thus = therefore
the exact
scope = ruang lingkup yang tepat
deduction =
mengambil kesimpulan dari aturan yang sudah ada = the inference of particular
instances by reference to a general law or principle.
contradicts
= bertentangan = clash = militate = discord = make a fuss
alphabet
= huruf A-Z = the set of letters from A to Z
deriving
sentences = asal kalimat
premises =
premis = a previous statement or
proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion.
Sport
Sport (UK) or sports (US) are all forms of usually competitive physical activity or games which, through casual or organized
participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills
while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators. Usually the contest or
game is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports
allow a tie game; others provide tie-breaking
methods, to ensure one
winner and one loser. A number of such two-sided contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion. Many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging
games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. Hundreds of sports exist, from those
between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous
participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain
sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, each against
all with one winner.
Sport is generally recognized as system
of activities which are based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as
the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this
definition, and other organizations such as the Council of Europe using definitions precluding activities
without a physical element from classification as sports. However, a number of
competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. The International Olympic Committee
(through ARISF) recognizes both chess and bridge as bona
fide sports, and Sport. Accord, the international sports federation
association, recognizes five non-physical sports: bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), Go, and xiangqi, and
limits the number of mind games which can be admitted as sports.
Kosakata :
casual = santai = cursory
= circumstance
providing = menyediakan, memberikan = make adequate preparation
for (a possible event)
participants = peserta = entrant
= entry
spectators = penonton = viewer
= onlooker
= looker
exceed = melebihi = surpass
= outpace = outstrip
ensure = memastikan = guarantee
= warrant
dexterity = ketangkasan = agility
= knack
= adroitness
admitting = mengakui, menerima= recognize
= acknowledge
= confess
precluding = menghalangi = prevent
= hinder
=deter
Walk ability
There has been a recent focus among urban planners in some communities to create pedestrian-friendly areas and roads, allowing commuting, shopping and recreation to be done on foot.
The concept of walk ability has arisen as a measure of the degree
to which an area is friendly to walking. Some communities are at least
partially car-free, making them particularly supportive of
walking and other modes of transportation. In the United States, the active living network is an example of a concerted
effort to develop communities more friendly to walking and other physical
activities.
An example of such efforts to make
urban development more pedestrian friendly is the pedestrian
village. This is a
compact, pedestrian-oriented neighborhood or town, with a mixed-use village
center, that follows the tenets of New Pedestrianism. Shared-use lanes for pedestrians and those using bicycles,
wheelchairs, and other small rolling conveyances that do
not use internal
combustion engines. Generally, these
lanes are in front of the houses and businesses, and streets for motor vehicles
are always at the rear. Some pedestrian villages might be nearly car-free with
cars either hidden below the buildings or on the periphery of the village. Venice, Italy is essentially a pedestrian village
with canals. The canal district in Venice,
California, on the other
hand, combines the front lane/rear street approach with canals and walkways, or
just walkways.
Kosakata
recent = baru – baru ini = current
= topical
pedestrian-friendly = ramah bagi pejalan kaki
allowing = memungkinkan = permit
= authorize
=consent =grant =
enable
arisen = muncul = appear
= emerge
= rise
concerted effort = upaya bersama
tenets = prinsip = principle
= fundamental
=truth
conveyances = alat angkut = vehicle
= transport
combustion = pembakar = burning
periphery = pinggiran = circumference = surroundings