2016 ~ Guru Les Keluarga

Bacaan Bahasa Inggris (Bag.1)

December 18, 2016 Guru Les Keluarga

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Sura and Baya

A long time ago, there were two animals, Sura and Baya. Sura was the name of a shark and Baya was a crocodile. They lived in a sea.

Once Sura and Baya were looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat.

"Yummy, this is my lunch," said Baya.

"No way! This is my lunch. You are greedy" said Sura. Then they fought for the goat. After several hours, they were very tired.

Feeling tired of fighting, they lived in the different places. Sura lived in the water and Baya lived in the land. The border was the beach, so they would never fight again.

One day, Sura went to the land and looked for some food in the river. He was very hungry and there was not much food in the sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke the promise.

They fought again. They both hit each other. Sura bite Baya’s tail. Baya did the same thing to Sura. He bite very hard until Sura finally gave up and went back to the sea. Baya was happy.

Kosakata :

suddenly = tiba-tiba = unexpectedly = immediately= instantaneously,

greedy = serakah = ravenous = acquisitive

fought = berjuang = struggle = battle = fight = a violent confrontation or struggle.

tired = lelah = exhausted = worn out = weary =fatigued = in need of sleep or rest

hungry = lapar = ravenous =empty =in need of food = hollow = feeling or displaying the need for food

promise =janji = appointment =pledge= commitment = a declaration or assurance that one will do a particular thing

hit = memukul = beat = buffet = flail = knock = bring one's hand or a tool or weapon into contact with (someone or something) quickly and forcefully.

bite = menggigit = nibble =nip= snap = sink one's teeth into

gave up = menyerah = surrender = give in = capitulate =cave in

Juhha’s Wonders

Once upon a time, there was a small village in Baghdad. Its population was very small. In this village everybody knew each other and knew every little or big problems that went on in the village. In this small village there was a bakery that was popular for its delicious bread.

One day a poor old man was walking in the street passing the bakery and he stopped to smell the scent of the bread which was spreading out of the bakery.

Suddenly, the baker caught the old man and shouted at him demanding the price of bread's scent. He almost drag him to the police.

A very famous wise man named Juhha heard the baker shouting. So he went to him and asked about the problem. Juhha stood calmly listening to the baker and he thought for a solution.

After a few minutes Juhha’s eyes glistened and an amused smile was on his face. He asked the baker “How much money do you want?”. The baker and poor man were astonished, but the baker answered “3 dinars”. Juhha took the money out of his wallet and put it in his pocket and shook the money. “Did you hear the sound of the money?” Juhha asked. “Yes, I did”, the baker replied, and with big smile Juhha said “Well then, this is the price of your bread’s scent!”

Kosakata :

bakery = toko roti = a place where bread and cakes are made or sold

popular = terkenal = prevalent = favourite = liked, admired, or enjoyed by many people or by a particular person or group.

delicious = lezat = tasty = yummy = delectable = highly pleasant to the taste

bread = roti = food made of flour, water, and yeast or another leavening agent, mixed together and baked.

the scent = aroma

demanding = menuntut

thought = berpikir

glistened = berkilau

amused = geli = tickled

astonished = heran = greatly surprised or impressed = amazed

wallet = dompet

pocket = saku

shook = mengguncang

Live in a city

Many people like to live in a city although it is often very crowded. There are many jobs available. Therefore, it is easier to plan for living. There are also more opportunities for education and recreation. If people are sick, there is always a hospital or a clinic nearby.

There are markets, supermarkets or department stores that people can choose to go shopping. In addition, all means of transportation are available. People can go by bus, taxi, train, or plain.

For these reasons people prefer living in a village to a city. A village is not very crowded and noisy. People do not have to go to school for a long period of time. They go to Elementary School just to be able to read and write. This is enough for them to survive. They do not care much about time. Today and tomorrow are just the same for them. Living naturally like this is enjoyable for them.

However, they want to improve their lives. They move to big cities to start a new life. Of course, some of them are successful, but many of them are not. For those who are not successful living in a big city like Jakarta is really terrible. They are jobless and homeless because they do not have skills needed in urban areas. They live in the slums of the city.

Kosakata :

crowded = ramai = flush = tight =packed= full of people, leaving little or no room for movement

available = tersedia = ready = willing = prepared = at hand,

in addition = sebagai tambahan = moreover

reason = alasan = excuse = cause = rationale

survive = bertahan hidup = remain alive = live = sustain oneself = pull through = get through = continue to live or exist

care = peduli = pay attention

improve = memperbaiki = fix = repair = correct = rectify = make or become better

terrible = mengerikan = horrible = awful = dreadful

Malin Kundang

Once there lived a widow and her son on the west coast of Minangkabau. She was very poor. They got their food by selling branches of wood gathered by her son, Malin Kundang, from the forest. Everyday when his mother went to the market, he went to coast because he wanted to become a captain of a big ship.

One day, when he was a young man, a ship came into the coast, he ran the ship. When the captain saw Malin, he called him. ”Come here, boy”.” Do you like to work in my ship?” Of course, he liked it very much. His mother was very sad because her only son didn’t go home.

Time passed by, a big ship came into the coast. How surprised the widow was when she knew that the captain of the ship was her son.

She rushed to the harbor, crying, ”Malin, Malin Kundang, my son”. When she came near Malin, he ordered his men to stop her. Malin was very ashamed because of his mother wore bad clothes. He pretended not to recognize his mother.

The ship left the harbor. Her mother was very angry with her son. “God will punish you, Malin, the sea will swallow you”. Then a great storm came and Malin sank down with her ship.

Kosakata :

widow = janda = divorcee = a woman who has lost her husband by death and has not remarried

coast = pantai = the part of the land near the sea = coast = shore

rushed = bergegas = husty

harbor = pelabuhan = port = anchorage = a place on the coast where vessels may find shelter

ordered = memerintahkan = command = instruct =enjoin

ashamed = malu = embarrassed = shy = timid

pretended = pura – pura = make as if

swallow = menelan= ingest = engulf

storm = badai = hurricane = a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.

sank down = tenggelam ke bawah

Young Stars

The finalists of "Akademi Fantasi Indosiar 1" (AFI) are wonderful young people. Mawar who was born on 26 February 1985 is a cute girl. She has straight, short hair. Her bright skin, chubby cheeks, and lovely smile make her look very marvellous. She is not very tall. However, her weight which is 40 kgs matches her body well and makes her look cute.

Unlike Mawar, Ve looks tall. She is 1.69 meters tall. She looks quite slim. She weighs 45 kgs. Compared to Mawar, Ve looks darker. The 22 years-old girl has black, straight hair.

Another finalist is Ismail who is better known as Smile. The young man who was born on 16 September 1983 looks much bigger and taller than his two female fiends. He is tall and muscular. His complexion is fair and his hair is short and straight.

Kosakata :

straight = lurus = moving uniformly in one direction only

skin = kulit = leather =bark = shell = the thin layer of tissue (jaringan) forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal.

chubby cheeks = pipi tembam

matches = cocok = suitable = fit = appropriate = compatible = convenient

cute = manis = lovable = sweet = lovely,

slim = ramping = slender,

muscular = berotot = brawny

complexion = corak = feature = color

The Indonesian Archipelago

Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia that consists of more than 13,000 islands. The islands lie along the equator and extend more than 5,000 kilometers. Many of the islands cover only a few square kilometers. But about a half of New Guinea and three quarters of Borneo also belong to Indonesia. Both islands are the second-and-third largest islands in the world, after Greenland.

Many geographers divide the more than 13,600 islands of Indonesia into three groups: (1) the Greater Sunda Islands, (2) the lesser Sunda Islands, and (3) the Mollucas. Indonesia also includes Irian Jaya, which is part of New Guinea.

The Greater Sunda includes Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Sumatera. The Lesser Sunda Islands extend from Bali eastward to the Timor. The Mollucas lie between Sulawesi and New Guinea. The western part of New Guinea is called Irian Jaya, an Indonesian territory. Compared to the other regions, Irian Jaya is the most thinly populated.

Kosakata :

Archipelago = kepulauan

islands = pulau2 = a piece of land surrounded by water

lie = terbentang = spread = range,

extend = memanjang

divide = membagi = split = share = distribute

greater = lebih besar

mollucas = Maluku

territory = wilayah = region = district

thinly = ramping

FRANCE

France is the second largest country in Europe. It has a population of 58 million. Paris, the capital city of France is an international capital for art, fashion and style. It has been known as one of the world’s most beautiful cities and a popular tourist destination.

The most famous place in France is the Eiffel Tower. Its height is about 1.063 feet. The tower has become an icon for both France and Paris.

Another famous place in France is the Louvre Museum. It is the world’s most visited art museum, a historic monument and a national museum in France. One of the museum collections is the famous Monalisa Painting.

Most of the people in France like sports. Some of their favorite sports are rugby, football and basketball. Every year, France also holds a bicycle race called Tour de France. It usually lasts for 23 days. Cyclists from all over the world take part. There are similar races in Italy and Spain but the Tour de France is the oldest, the most prestigious and the best known.

Kosakata :

art = seni

destination = tujuan = purpose = goal =objective = aim

historic = bersejarah = significant = notable= important= momentous =famous or important in history

rugby = bola tangan

Cyclists = pesepeda = a person who rides a bicycle

Prestigious = bergengsi = reputable = distinguished = respected

Spending Time

My family likes spending time by the sea very much. When we had a holiday last year, we went to a place at the seaside and borrowed a boat from one of our friends. Then we sailed and fished in the sea all day. We also had races against other boats.

When the sea was rough, we sailed on a small lake near the sea instead. There were a lot of sharp rocks, and the water was shallow, so we must be careful because we did not want to damage our friend’s boat.

There were not many fish in the lake, but we caught a lot when we sailed to the sea. The fish were not very big, but they tasted very good. We sailed to the land at lunch time, collected pieces of dry wood and fried or grilled our fish at the beach. All of us enjoyed our meals. It was the most wonderful day for my family.

Kosakata :

spending time = menghabiskan waktu

seaside = tepi laut = coast =shore = seashore = oceanside = waterside = beach

sailed = berlayar = voyage

races = balapan

rough = ganas

shallow = dangkal = of little depth

damage = kerusakan

fried or grilled = goring atau panggang

meals = makanan

HERMIT

Many years ago, there lived a hermit in a forest in Sumatra. He did not grow food but depended on the jungle fruit to survive. Soon, there was a drought, and all the plants and fruit trees in the jungle died.

The old man had nothing to eat now, so he turned to become a beggar. He went to a nearby village trying to get food. At first, the villagers were happy to help him. However, when he came regularly, they refused to give him any more food. They told him to grow his own food.

One day, while the hermit was sitting in his hut, sad and hungry, he began to think about growing his own food. Just then, a boatman stopped by and took a pity on the hermit. Then he gave him some “paddy” seeds.

Before the boatman went away, he said, “These seeds will grow and give you everlasting harvest if you work very hard. If you are tired of the work, the “paddy” plants will turn into weeds.”

The old hermit worked hard to clear the land and sowed the seeds before the rain came. Strangely, after a short period of time, the “paddy” was ready for harvesting. The old man got a lot of rice from the harvest. After each harvest, the plants grew again right away.

When the villagers heard about the hermit and his wonderful “paddy”, they flocked to his “paddy” field and took home as much “paddy” as they could.

One day, being very tired of harvesting the paddy, he shouted, “Oh stop growing, you wretched thing!” As soon as he had said this, the “paddy” plants turned into weeds.

Kosakata :

hermit = pertapa = ascetic

soon = segera

drought = kemarau = dryness

beggar = pengemis = a person, typically a homeless one, who lives by asking for money or food.

regularly = secara teratur = usually =normally =generally =ordinarily = mostly

refused = menolak = reject = resist =deny = decline = turn down

hut = gubug = cottage

just then = saat itu

a boatman = tukang perahu

stopped by = mampir

pity = kasihan

paddy = padi

everlasting = abadi = lasting forever or for a very long time

weeds = gulma

tired = lelah = exhausted

sowed = menebar

strangely = anehnya = queerly =funnily = oddly

right away = soon = immediately = quickly = shortly

flocked = berbondong-bondong = gather = assemble = get together = come together

wretched = malang

Gold

Gold is a precious metal. Gold is used as ornaments or as money. Gold is found anywhere, but in small supplies. It is often found on the surface of the earth. Since gold is a heavy substance, it is sometimes found at the bottom of the rivers. The gold is found together with sand and rock and must be separated from them.

It is usually necessary to drill for gold but when a layer of gold is located deep below the surface of the earth, it is possible to drill a hole into a ground. Engineers have developed modern processes for removing gold from rocks.

Since gold is not very hard, it is sometimes melted and added to other substances for making rings, coins, and art objects. It will be priced forever because it is beautiful, rare and useful.

Kosakata

gold = emas

precious = mulia = noble = glorious =lofty =honorable

ornament = perhiasan = jewelry

heavy = berat = weighty = hefty

sand = pasir = grit = jackstone

necessary =penting = important = significant = key = notable = prominent

drill = mengebor = auger = borer

below = di bawah

melted = dicairkan = liquid

priced = harga = cost =value = rate = worth

rare = jarang = infrequent =scarce = sparse

The American Education System

Generally, school districts are divided into elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools. Elementary schools are composed of students in kindergarten and grades 1-5. Most children attend kindergarten when they are five-years-old. Children begin 1st grade at age six. Middle school is composed of students in grades 6-8 and high school contains grades 9-12.

High school students are required to take a wide variety of courses in English, mathematics, science, and social science. They may also be required to take foreign language or physical education, and they may elect to take music, art, or theatre courses. Many high schools also offer vocational training courses. A course can be one semester or two semesters in length. The academic year generally begins in mid August and ends in early June.

In the United States, education is compulsory for all students until ages sixteen to eighteen depending on the individual state. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, 87.1% of people over the age of 25 were high school graduates. Most high school students graduate at the age of seventeen or eighteen-years-old. A student graduates after he or she has successfully passed all of the required courses. Grades are given to students for each course at the end of each semester. The grading scale is A (excellent), B (above average), C (average), D (below average), and F (failing). A student who fails a required course must repeat the course.

Kosakata :

districts = rayon

composed = tersusun = arranged = structured =regular

kindergarten = TK

grades = kelas

attend = mengikuti = follow = take = keep up = adhere

required = disyaratkan = compulsory = obligatory

wide = luas = comprehensive = spacious = extensive

physical education = pendidikan jasmani

theatre courses = kursus drama

offer = menawarkan = propose = bid

vocational training = pelatihan kejuruan

depending on = bergantung pada

the individual state = keadaan individu

average = rata-rata

failing = gagal

Homework Policy

Homework is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the class. Common homework assignments may include a quantity or period of reading to be performed, writing or typing to be completed, problems to be solved, or a school project to be built.

Students should not spend more than 90 minutes per night on homework. The time should be budgeted in the following manner:

15 minutes looking for assignment
11 minutes texting friends for the assignment
23 minutes explaining to parents why the teacher is mean and just does not like children
8 minutes in the bathroom
10 minutes getting a snack
7 minutes on Facebook
6 minutes telling parents that the teacher never explained the assignment
10 minutes sitting at the kitchen table waiting for Mom or Dad to do the assignment

Kosakata :

homework = pekerjaan rumah

tasks = tugas – tugas = assignment

mean = merendahkan

assigned = ditugaskan

performed = ditunjukkan

built = dibangun

budget= atur = set = arrange = organize = manage = regulate

manner = sikap = attitude = gesture,

Late to our final exam

It was the final examination for an introductory English course at the local university. The examination was two hours long, and exam booklets were provided. The professor was very strict and told the class that any exam that was not on his desk in exactly two hours would not be accepted and the student would fail. A half hour into the exam, a student came rushing in and asked the professor for an exam booklet.

"You're not going to have time to finish this," the professor stated sarcastically as he handed the student a booklet.

"Yes I will," replied the student. He then took a seat and began writing. After two hours, the professor called for the exams, and the students filed up and handed them in. All except the late student, who continued writing. A half hour later, the last student came up to the professor who was sitting at his desk preparing for his next class. He attempted to put his exam on the stack of exam booklets already there.

"No you don't, I'm not going to accept that. It's late." The student looked incredulous and angry.

"Do you know WHO I am?"

"No, as a matter of fact I don't," replied the professor.

"DO YOU KNOW WHO I AM?" The student asked again.

"No, and I don't care." Replied the professor with an air of superiority.

"Good," replied the student, who quickly lifted the stack of completed exams, stuffed his in the middle, and walked out of the room.

Kosakata :

examination = ujian

booklet = buku soal untuk ujian

strict=ketat = tight = stringent

sarcastically = dengan sinis

handed = menyerahkan dengan tangan

filed up = berbaris

on the stack of exam = tumpukan ujian

incredulous = tidak percaya

as a matter of fact = faktanya

superiority = unggul

stuffed = memasukkannya

Homework

There are many homework-related resources available on the World Wide Web. There are web-sites dedicated to communicating about homework, for teachers to post assignments on-line for students, and to keep parents informed. Many schools host their own homework posting services on their websites. There are non-profit organizations on-line that help students with their homework for free. There are also tutorials on most school subjects, especially math, which students can use if they don't understand their homework assignments.

Many libraries provide on-line resources which present subjects specifically for students who are looking for something to write about. And there are archives of ready-made homework assignments, including handouts, which teachers can use to provide homework to their students. Many other websites are used for research, especially search engines, such as Google, and encyclopedias.

Apart from above given resources there are hundreds of websites who are providing homework help at nominal rates. Such websites claim to help students understand concepts.

Some parents choose to monitor their students' usage of the internet, as some of the sites may be found deceptive or inappropriate by academic institutions.

Kosakata :

Resources = sumber

Dedicated = dipersembahkan = perform = shew

Host = pengurus

Posting = posting

Tutorials = pengajaran tambahan

on most school subjects = pada kebanyakan mata pelajaran sekolah

archives = arsip = files, records

provide = menyediakan = supply = prepare = serve =set = furnish

specifically = secara khusus = in particular

Apart from above = terpisah dari atas

Claim = klaim

Deceptive = menipu = fraudulent = catchy = snide

inappropriate = tidak pantas = undue = indecorous = undignified

institutions = lembaga

Motorcycle

A motorcycle (also called a motorbike, bike, moto or cycle) is a two or three wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes: long distance travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing, and off-road riding. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club and attending motorcycle rallies.

In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2012, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda (from Japan), Bajaj Auto, and Hero MotoCorp (both from India).

Motorcycles are mainly a luxury good in the developed world, where they are used mostly for recreation, as a lifestyle accessory or a symbol of personal identity. In developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, excluding car-centric Japan.

Kosakata :

Wheeled = beroda

Vehicle = kendaraan = a thing used for transporting people or goods, especially on land, such as a car, truck, or cart

to suit a range = untuk memenuhi berbagai

commuting = komuter

cruising = jelajah

off-road riding = kendara bukan pada jalan beraspal

attending = mengikuti = follow

mainly = sebagian besar

developing = berkembang = blooming = expanding = thriving

overwhelmingly = sangat = highly = extremely = really = greatly

due to = disebabkan oleh = in consequence of

utilitarian = berguna = useful = beneficial = worthwhile = helpful = wholesome

excluding = tidak termasuk = not taking someone or something into account = apart from = except.

Human Diet

Humans are omnivorous, capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material. Varying with available food sources in regions of habitation, and also varying with cultural and religious norms, human groups have adopted a range of diets, from purely vegetarian to primarily carnivorous. In some cases, dietary restrictions in humans can lead to deficiency diseases; however, stable human groups have adapted to many dietary patterns through both genetic specialization and cultural conventions to use nutritionally balanced food sources. The human diet is prominently reflected in human culture, and has led to the development of food science.

Until the development of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, Homo sapiens employed a hunter-gatherer method as their sole means of food collection. This involved combining stationary food sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms, insect larvae and aquatic mollusks) with wild game, which must be hunted and killed in order to be consumed. It has been proposed that humans have used fire to prepare and cook food since the time of Homo erectus. Around ten thousand years ago, humans developed agriculture, which substantially altered their diet.

This change in diet may also have altered human biology; with the spread of dairy farming providing a new and rich source of food, leading to the evolution of the ability to digest lactose in some adults. Agriculture led to increased populations, the development of cities, and because of increased population density, the wider spread of infectious diseases. The types of food consumed, and the way in which they are prepared, have varied widely by time, location, and culture.

Kosakata :

human diet = makanan manusia = meal = feed = feeding = nourishment

restrictions = pembatasan = limitation = boundary = border = framework = demarcation

deficiency = kekurangan = lack = shortage = drawback =shortfall = shortcoming

prominently = dengan jelas = palpably = clearly = obviously = decidedly = explicitly

reflected = tercermin = painted

led = menyebabkan = cause = induce = render = bring about

approximately = kira – kira = thereabout = used to show that something is almost, but not completely, accurate or exact; roughly.

sole = satu – satunya = one and only

mushrooms = jamur = fungus, mildew, mold

infectious diseases = penyakit menular

Infant

An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the very young offspring of a human or other animal. When applied to humans, the term is usually considered synonymous with baby, but the latter is commonly applied to the young of any animal. When a human child learns to walk, the term toddler may be used instead.

The term infant is typically applied to young children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions may vary between birth and 1 year of age, or even between birth and 2 years of age. A newborn is an infant who is only hours, days, or up to a few weeks old.

In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth; the term applies to premature infants, postmature infants, and full term infants. Before birth, the term fetus is used. In the UK, infant is a term that can be applied to school children aged between four and seven. As a legal terminology, "infancy" continues from birth until age 18.

An infant is usually called a baby in simple English, as many people use the term 'baby' instead of infant.

Kosakata :

Infant = bayi = baby = newborn = young child = little one = papoose = neonate = tiny =babe

Speechless = tidak bisa bicara = lost for words = at a loss (for words) =dumbstruck

offspring = keturunan = descent = descendant = ancestry = heredity

the latter = yang terakhir

toddler = balita = a young child who is just beginning to walk

term = istilah = a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept

Desk

The word "desk" comes from the Modern Latin word desca “table to write on”, from the mid 14th century.

A desk or bureau is a piece of furniture used in a school, office, home or the like for academic, professional or domestic activities such as reading, writing, or using equipment such as a computer. Desks often have one or more drawers, compartments, or pigeonholes to store items such as office supplies and papers. Desks are usually made of wood or metal, although materials such as tempered glass are sometimes seen.

Some desks have the form of a table, although usually only one side of a desk is suitable to sit at (there are some exceptions, such as a partners desk), unlike most usual tables. Some desks do not have the form of a table, for instance, an armoire desk is a desk built within a large wardrobe-like cabinet, and a portable desk is light enough to be placed on a person's lap. Since many people lean on a desk while using it, a desk must be sturdy. In most cases, people sit at a desk, either on a separate chair or a built-in chair (e.g., in some school desks). Some users stand at their desks using higher standing desks.

Kosa kata

drawers = laci

compartments = ruang terpisah = space = chamber =hall = ward

pigeonholes = lubang merpati

tempered glass = kaca yang keras

armoire desk = meja lemari

wardrobe = lemari pakaian = clothes closet = clothes press

person's lap = pangkuan seseorang

lean = bersandar = rest = base = recline

sturdy = kuat = strong = firm =solid = staunch = steady

Liberty in The United States of America

The United States of America was one of the first nations to be founded on principles of freedom and equality, with no king and no hereditary nobility. According to the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence, all men have a natural right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". But this declaration of liberty was troubled from the outset by the presence of slavery. Slave owners argued that their liberty was paramount, since it involved property, their slaves, and that the slaves themselves had no rights that any White man was obliged to recognize. The Supreme Court, in the Dred Scott decision, upheld this principle. It was not until 1866, following the Civil War, that the US constitution was amended to extend these rights to persons of color, and not until 1920 that these rights were extended to women.

By the later half of the 20th century, liberty was expanded further to prohibit government interference with personal choices. In the United States Supreme Court decision Griswold v. Connecticut, Justice William O. Douglas argued that liberties relating to personal relationships, such as marriage, have a unique primacy of place in the hierarchy of freedoms.

In modern America, various competing ideologies have divergent views about how best to promote liberty. Liberals in the original sense of the word see equality as a necessary component of freedom. Progressives stress freedom from business monopoly as essential. Libertarians disagree, and see economic freedom as best.

Kosa kata

hereditary nobility = keturunan bangsawan

pursuit = mengejar = chase = pursuance = search

slavery = perbudakan = bondage = enslavement = servitude = serfdom

obliged = memaksa = forced = constrained = necessary =bound

upheld = menegakkan = establish = maintain = erect = hold up

prohibit = melarang = ban = forbid = disallow = bar = clamp down

primacy = keunggulan = excellence = superiority = primacy = supremacy = predominance = eminence

Logic

Logic from the Ancient Greek, logike originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of arguments. A valid argument is one where there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of the argument and its conclusion. (In ordinary discourse, the conclusion of such an argument may be signified by words like 'therefore', 'hence', 'ergo' and so on.)

There is no universal agreement as to the exact scope and subject matter of logic (see 'Rival conceptions of logic', below), but it has traditionally included the classification of arguments, the systematic exposition of the 'logical form' common to all valid arguments, the study of inference, including fallacies, and the study of semantics, including paradoxes. Historically, logic has been studied in philosophy (since ancient times) and mathematics (since the mid-1800s), and recently logic has been studied in computer science, linguistics, psychology, and other fields.

A formal system is an organization of terms used for the analysis of deduction. It consists of an alphabet, a language over the alphabet to construct sentences, and a rule for deriving sentences. Among the important properties that logical systems can have are:

· Consistency, which means that no theorem of the system contradicts another.

· Validity, which means that the system's rules of proof never allow a false inference from true premises.

· Completeness, which means that if a formula is true, it can be proven, i.e. is a theorem of the system.

Kosakata :
conclusion = kesimpulan = inference = finding = illation = consequence

ergo = jadi = so = thus = therefore

the exact scope = ruang lingkup yang tepat

deduction = mengambil kesimpulan dari aturan yang sudah ada = the inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle.

contradicts = bertentangan = clash = militate = discord = make a fuss

alphabet = huruf A-Z = the set of letters from A to Z

deriving sentences = asal kalimat

premises = premis = a previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion.

Sport

Sport (UK) or sports (US) are all forms of usually competitive physical activity or games which, through casual or organized participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators. Usually the contest or game is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a tie game; others provide tie-breaking methods, to ensure one winner and one loser. A number of such two-sided contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion. Many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, each against all with one winner.

Sport is generally recognized as system of activities which are based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this definition, and other organizations such as the Council of Europe using definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports. However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. The International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognizes both chess and bridge as bona fide sports, and Sport. Accord, the international sports federation association, recognizes five non-physical sports: bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), Go, and xiangqi, and limits the number of mind games which can be admitted as sports.

Kosakata :

casual = santai = cursory = circumstance

providing = menyediakan, memberikan = make adequate preparation for (a possible event)

participants = peserta = entrant = entry

spectators = penonton = viewer = onlooker = looker

exceed = melebihi = surpass = outpace = outstrip

ensure = memastikan = guarantee = warrant

dexterity = ketangkasan = agility = knack = adroitness

admitting = mengakui, menerima= recognize = acknowledge = confess

precluding = menghalangi = prevent = hinder =deter

Walk ability

There has been a recent focus among urban planners in some communities to create pedestrian-friendly areas and roads, allowing commuting, shopping and recreation to be done on foot. The concept of walk ability has arisen as a measure of the degree to which an area is friendly to walking. Some communities are at least partially car-free, making them particularly supportive of walking and other modes of transportation. In the United States, the active living network is an example of a concerted effort to develop communities more friendly to walking and other physical activities.

An example of such efforts to make urban development more pedestrian friendly is the pedestrian village. This is a compact, pedestrian-oriented neighborhood or town, with a mixed-use village center, that follows the tenets of New Pedestrianism. Shared-use lanes for pedestrians and those using bicycles, wheelchairs, and other small rolling conveyances that do not use internal combustion engines. Generally, these lanes are in front of the houses and businesses, and streets for motor vehicles are always at the rear. Some pedestrian villages might be nearly car-free with cars either hidden below the buildings or on the periphery of the village. Venice, Italy is essentially a pedestrian village with canals. The canal district in Venice, California, on the other hand, combines the front lane/rear street approach with canals and walkways, or just walkways.

Kosakata

recent = baru – baru ini = current = topical

pedestrian-friendly = ramah bagi pejalan kaki

allowing = memungkinkan = permit = authorize =consent =grant = enable

arisen = muncul = appear = emerge = rise

concerted effort = upaya bersama

tenets = prinsip = principle = fundamental =truth

conveyances = alat angkut = vehicle = transport

combustion = pembakar = burning

periphery = pinggiran = circumference = surroundings

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